Criminology Gender Blind

‘’Is criminology â€Å"gender-blind† : women and crime’’ Brilly Amancio 04-10-2013 Criminal Justice 212 Criminology Prof: Christopher Geraghty Brilly Amancio Is criminology â€Å"gender-blind† : women and crime( by and against) Woman in Criminology has a really big change from back in the days till now. Before woman where not that involved in crime either if it was in the good side like being a cop, detective, lieutenant, or of it was in the bad side, as to being the one committing the crime. Criminology, as with all academic disciplines, was a male-dominated sphere.Men regarded the world through a very narrow lens, and the experiences of women rarely provoked serious interest. Back in the days woman where more likely to stay home, cook, take care of kids and wait for their husbands to get home, not even work. Woman were not much socialized with society other than other woman and did not spend much time in the streets as men did. Woman were no t viewed as a big factor in society rather than the male which was the man working to bring food home. There were not much activity for a woman to be out in the streets much as too like sports and obs. Very few of them would practice one of those options. Where woman were mostly considered as as a criminal was with prostitution. This was the most popular crimes for woman since it was hard to find a woman or a young girl being in a gang since back in the days there was more discipline with kids and woman depended on their husbands. Men were more involved in crimes since they were in the streets more, hanging out with friends, playing sports or working since women were not really able to work much or just believes were much different back then. Most police officers, etectives, judges or anything involved with law enforcement were men. Now a days everything is equal, there is as much woman involved in crimes and the law enforcement just like men. Ever since woman became more independen t they have been more involved in crimes as such as stealing, murdered, kid napping and a ton of different other crimes. When woman first started getting more involved in crimes was more with an influence of men. Either a lover or close friends. Now they make their decisions to be involved in crimes by themselves just like men do. Accordin g to www. ukdissertation. om and this is their explination of why there are more woman in jail right now ‘’ Carlen summarises the responses given as thus: (1) more women are committing violent crimes; (2) more women who would not have previously gone to prison are going due to increasing involvement with drugs; (3)more black women are going to prison so racism may be the key; or (4)prison is being used to incarcerate the same social categories for women that it always has – the destitute, the most obviously gender deviant, and the mentally disturbed – but the numbers of women presenting themselves in these categories ave increased with growing economic inequality (Carlen, 1998: 51). Another explanation is that women are becoming more violent, indeed the proportion of female prisoners under sentence for crimes of violence against the person was indeed (at 20 per cent) only two present less than the proportion of male prisoners. Fletcher (1975, in Carlen, 1998: 52) supports this view: ‘It is undoubtedly the case that the level of convictions of violence against the person has increased among women. ’ However, he also points out that, ‘the female prison population has †¦ risen steeply whilst serious convictions have actually allen’; suggesting that this may be due to longer sentences being served. As will be seen later, it is much more likely that it is the increase in more punitive sentencing for trivial crimes that is more likely to offer an explanation. Things have changed a lot over the last couple of years. But this does not mea that woman are punished just as the s ame as men are. According to Wikipedia men are more likel to become incarcerated then woman would and this is their their facts ‘’ In the United States, men are much more likely to be incarcerated than women.Nearly 9 times as many men (5,037,000) as women (581,000) had ever at one time been incarcerated in a State or Federal prison at year end 2001. However, women are the fastest-growing demographic group in prison. [1]. In 2004,  males  were almost 10 times more likely than  females  to commit  murder, including rape-homicides. However, men are also far more likely than women to be the victims of violent crime, with the exception of rape. There my be a lot of explanations for this like men are more likely to be more aggressive than woman so they tend to get in more altercations and tend to act out of rage more than oman do. Young teenagers have become really popular in the juvenile system. The number of female teenagers has increased a lot in the juvenile sys tem as to the number of female teenagers that are dropping out of school or just kicked out for their irrational behavior. Still so male is the biggest crime predator in everyone’s eye, everyone is conscious of how the number of female criminal has increased men is still the number one target. I this unfair? Yes it is yes in a lot of cases woman are treated harshly but like like in every case that males do. Bibliography: http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime http://www. routledge. com/books/details/9780415644174/ http://www. roxbury. net/womencrime. html http://www. law-essays-uk. com/resources/sample-essays/criminology/gender-and-crime. php http://books. google. com/books? id=r3IMdD2xZ8MC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265&dq=Is+criminology+%22gender-blind%22+:+women+and+crime(+by+and+against)&source=bl&ots=AZphi3RxKq&sig=BaNiS4rUFnLVygUIWcLrQSjtWeI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BJNkUezPK87y0wGF74EQ&ved=0CG4Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Is%20criminology%20%22gender-blind%22%20%3A%20women%20and%20cri me(%20by%20and%20against)&f=false

Canada Pension Plan (CPP) Changes

The federal and provincial governments started to make changes to the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) in 2011 to give more options to those who want or need to receive the CPP before the age or 65 and to those who want to postpone taking their pension until after the age of 65. The changes are being phased in gradually from 2011 to 2016. Adjustments have been made to improve the flexibility of the CPP, and to adapt to the different ways that Canadians are approaching retirement these days. For many, retirement is a gradual process, rather than a single event. Personal circumstances, from employment opportunities, or lack of them, health, and other retirement income, affect the timing of retirement, and the gradual adjustments made in the CPP may make it easier for individuals, at the same time keeping the CPP sustainable. What is the Canada Pension Plan? The CPP is a Canadian government pension plan and is a joint federal-provincial responsibility. The CPP is based directly on workers earnings and contributions. Nearly everyone over the age of 18 who works in Canada, outside Quebec, and earns over a basic minimum, currently $3500 a year, contributes to the CPP. Contributions stop at the age of 70, even if you are still working. Employers and employees each make half the required contribution. If you are self-employed, you make the full contribution. CPP benefits can include a retirement pension, a post-retirement pension, disability benefits, and death benefits. In general, the CPP is expected to replace about 25 percent of your pre-retirement earnings from work. The rest of your retirement income can come from the Canada Old Age Security (OAS) pension, employers pension plans, savings and investments (including RRSPs). Changes to the Canada Pension Plan The following changes are in the process of being implemented. CPP monthly retirement pension started after age 65Since 2011, the CPP retirement pension amount has increased by a larger percentage when you start taking it after the age of 65. By 2013, your monthly pension amount has increased by 8.4 percent for every year after 65 up to age 70 that you delay taking your CPP. CPP monthly retirement pension started before age 65From 2012 to 2016, your monthly CPP retirement pension amount will decrease by a larger percentage if you take it before age 65. The monthly reduction for taking your CPP early will be 2013 - 0.54%; 2014 - 0.56%; 2015 - 0.58%; 2016 - 0.60%. Work Cessation Test has been droppedBefore 2012, if you wanted to take your CPP retirement pension early (before the age of 65), you had to either stop working or significantly reduce your earnings for at least two months. That requirement has been dropped. If under 65 and working while receiving a CPP retirement pension, you and your employer must pay CPP contributions.These contributions will go to a new Post-Retirement Benefit (PRB), which will increase your income. If you have an employer, the contributions are split evenly between you and your employer. If you are self-employed, you pay both the employer and employee contributions. If between 65 and 70 and working while receiving a CPP retirement pension, you have a choice about whether you and your employer pay CPP contributions.You do have to complete and submit a CPT30 Form to the Canada Revenue Agency to stop making contributions, however. General Drop-out Provision IncreasesWhen your average earnings over your contributory period are calculated, a percentage of your lowest earnings are automatically dropped. Beginning in 2012, the provision was increased to allow up to 7.5 years of your lowest earnings to be dropped from the calculation. In 2014, the provision allows up to 8 years of lowest earnings to be dropped. Note: These changes do not apply to the Quebec Pension Plan (QPP). If you work or worked in Quebec, see the Rà ©gie des rentes Quà ©bec for information. See Also: Applying for the CPP Retirement PensionCanada Old Age Security (OAS) Pension Changes

The Caleb’s Crossing by Geraldine Brooks - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2221 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Caleb’s crossing novel is a book that was written by Geraldine Brooks giving details of the history of America before the revolution. The book describes the values held by the American society at that time through the use of two main characters which are a young boy and a girl. These two start off as friends and end up becoming lovers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Caleb’s Crossing by Geraldine Brooks" essay for you Create order However, their relationship encounters numerous challenges with the greatest one being separation from each other. The young Puritan girl is portrayed to be deeply in love with a native boy, and they start a long term relationship which they vow to protect no matter what happens. The two lovers last for a period of years whereby the book narrates the chronicles and their struggles to retain their individual identities. The narrative also gives an explanation of Christian values held by the society at that time and relationship between sin, salvation, and rebirth (Brooks, 2012 p. 24). The book is generally divided into three segments that describe the situation of Bethia the Puritan girl as she carries on with her life. The novel wastes no time in presenting the effects the English have had upon the Wampanoag. The first agreement between them, allowing for English settlement on the island, brings to light some of the cultural differences and misunderstandings that would plague relatio ns between the groups. My creative response to the narrative is that I support the author’s perception that disparity in religious practices and cultural practices between the puritans and the natives was the main cause of tension and disagreement in the society at that time. The contrast between cultural and religious practices is evident in many scenes throughout the book. The first part describes the meeting of Bethia and Caleb whereby they become good friends and Bethia request her parents to let the boy come to live with the family. However, the parents are reluctant to allow that as they believe that the kid has got no strong Christian background. The relationship between the natives and the Puritans is depicted to be filled with conflicts based on religious and cultural identities. Brooks has written the book to depict a world of emotion, struggle, and cultural conflict in which the people in the narrative are caught up between these differences that are based on culture. The beginning scene in the narrative plays a fundamental role in portraying the creative response presented in this paper. This is depicted through Bethia who stays awake listening to her father who a preacher is arguing with her brother about a boy that they wanted to bring to the family. Bethias brother Makepeace argues that the boy has a little difference with a pagan and therefore should not be allowed into the family (Nehls Lourdes, 2012 p.13). His father, however, has a different opinion and thinks that the boy could be taught about Christianity and transform to become a Christian. This argument scene shows the strong Christian values that the Puritans had at the time. The contrast of religious practices is depicted in the scene whereby the two parties decide whether the boy should be brought into the family based on his Christian faith. The author, in this case, does not focus on the other many differences that the boy would have, but only chooses to show emphasis on the issu e of religion (Brooks, 2012 p. 38). Notably, religion was one of the primary factors that brought differences between the Puritans and the natives. The Puritans had a strong belief in Christianity and discouraged interaction with the natives to avoid erosion of both their cultural and religious values. The book also expounds on the tension that existed between the whites and the natives at that moment. Notably, this tension originated from the difference in practices and religious beliefs. This tension also existed in Bethia’s family after Caleb the boy originating from the natives was brought in the family. The family believed that the boy was quite different from them and would take them time before they convert him to Christianity (Bound, 2012 p. 136). Caleb and his friend give in to the pressure and are determined to learn Christianity and convert to the Christian religion thus suppressing their native identities though it resurfaces occasionally. The two friends do this in order to fit in the whites society as the society would not treat them well if they realized that they were natives. Bethias family faces numerous losses which make the life for her Makepeace, Caleb, and Joel quite hard. Caleb and Joel to change their identities and personality though their native culture still resurfaces. The whites at that time were determined to convert the natives to Christianity, and any natives who refused to convert were perceived as hostile (Mulrine, 2008 p.41). Living in the society of whites as a native was not easy especially for a person who could not suppress their native character traits. Bethia gets involved with a son of the headmaster and at the same time, another girl named Anne comes to study. The girl is impregnated by a white man of considerable economic and social class. When she suffers a miscarriage, Bethia is quick to handle the situation and prevent the news from spreading to the rest of the society (Brooks, 2012 p. 79). The girls did not want the story to spread due to the tension that existed between the two groups involved and if the society knew that t he girl had been impregnated by a white man that would have fueled enmity and conflict. Caleb and Joel were studying about Christianity and the white culture in schools that were entirely run by the white people. Bethia believed that the studies transcended racially-defined judgments and negative attitudes imposed upon the two friends by their teachers and their fellow students, raising them to the top of the class. The issue of violence and conflict emerges again as Caleb and Joel are about to graduate (Oladipo, 2003 p.325). Some natives come forward and murder Joel as a way to show resentment of white invasion on their territory as well as the religious influence that they had caused in their society. The natives were not happy with the spread of white ideologies as they believed it eroded their cultural and religious practices. The difference in culture and religion sparks a heated conflict between the natives and the white. The novel presents the theme of culture and religion through a contrast of the practices of the Wampanoag native society and the white society. The Wampanoag is present as a natural, organic, relaxed and harmonious society which has much respect for their neighbors. However, the author presents the whites negatively by portraying them as demanding, influential, invasive and restricting (Brooks, 2012 p. 113). This is rooted from their intentions to influence their culture and Christianity to the natives. This sometimes was done through forceful ways that led to the development of hate and resentment between the two societies. The theme of cultural and religious contrast appears subtly throughout the novel and is evidently the main cause of tension and conflict between the two societies represented. Christianity is presented as a good religion which views the natives with a lot of positivity which is shown by various characters in the novel. For instance, John Mayfield and his ministry are heartfelt and genuine everything, and that earns him trust from the immediate society. However, the colonialists who also happen to hold Christian faith are harsh and view the natives with a lot of negativity. Marthas Vineyard was settled by Bethias grandfather as an attempt to escape the harsh, nearly despotic rule of the colonial mainland, where people had been tortured in the past with some having their ears and nose chopped off. A native woman who was pregnant was cast off to the wilderness with her children by the white colonizers which worsened their relationships with the natives (Brooks, 2012 p. 8). As these punishments were meted out by the colonial Governor to his Christian brothers, a dark picture of the organized faith of the time emerges. Though not negative throughout, the church of the time has an edge to it that may be disturbing to modern readers. This shows how the disparity in religious faith between the natives and the whites was a primary cause of conflict. This would remain a considerable source of tension between the two communities, helping to spark the native uprising that takes place toward the end of the novel. An Englishmen describes the complaints of a band of marauders in much the same terms which show their opinion regarding the natives. Some are heard referring to them as wicked trouble makers when they complained about their hunting and grazing land that had been taken by the whites (Brooks, 2012 p. 280). The whites had coerced the natives to sign an agreement that gave them possession of their land. The natives claimed that did not understand the terms of the agreement and therefore the whites used that to trick them into depriving them their land and property. The differences in ideologies between these two societies kept on recurring and at times resulted in violence. The Native Americans involved the claim that they did not understand the agreement. This clash over Generally, the cultural and religious values of the European settlers and the Puritans were very different though they all were believed to be Christians. The natives on the other side based their religion on their culture which focused on traditional approaches to worship. Access to resources was also granted based on the ethnic background of a person as well as their religion. Caleb was a native boy who had no chance to access education (Deidre, 2007). However, after he was taken in by the Puritan family, he could now attend school and focus on learning Christianity as well as other cultures of the Puritan society. Bethia Mayfield who is the daughter of Mayfield a local minister of Christianity manages to interact with people from both sided of the ethnic divide. Being a Puritan, she is expected to set a good example for the rest of the Puritan girls. She manages to strike a perfect balance between the love she has for her culture and friendship with people from different of ethnic backgrounds (Caleb’s crossing, 2011 p.47). This enables her to get along with different people who increase her understanding of cultural diversity. Despite being a Puritan, the young girl has a growing curiosity and interest in the cultural practices of the Wampanoag tribe that populates the island. The young girl meets Caleb a young Puritan boy, and from their friendship, she is able to note the numerous cultural and religious differences that the Puritan had from the natives. Bethia’s exposure to the culture and the religion of the natives gets her torn between her Puritan Faith. Though she seems to be committed to Christianity; she is still affected by the influence of her native friends.   The major differences occurring between the culture of Bethia and her friends keep on bringing differences. For instance, Bethia thinks that Caleb and Joel are taught a lot of negative stuff in their Christianity classes. When she meets Caleb, Bethia escapes from the stern and pious community in which women were not empowered and were expected to remain silent and submissive. Bethia is denied education simply because the culture of the community that denies women from venturing in such issues (Brooks, 2012 p. 224). The differences with Caleb, however, inspires her and he struggles to understand her dogged sense of duty and deference. Even as he chooses to adopt her religion, he encourages her to rebel and questions the obedience at the root of her faith. This again depicts the resistance and rebellion that characterizes the relationship between the natives and the Puritans. The relationship between Bethia and Caleb at first causes a lot of tension in her family where they are not sure whether it would be right to bring the native boy into the family. That shows the level of suspicion and mistrust that the two societies had. The colonial whites on the other side claimed to spread Christianity but engaged in methods that promoted tension and conflict within the society. Caleb rises to defy the odds of their culture and becomes the first native boy to graduate while Bethia becomes a house help as the culture of the Puritans did not allow girls to venture into education. Berthia is not pleased with what her society expects from her as she too wanted to get educated and experience the interaction with people from different cultures. The book describes the values held by the American society at that time through the use of two main characters which are a young boy and a girl. These two start off as friends and end up becoming lovers. However, their relationship encounters numerous challenges with the greatest one being separation from each other. The young Puritan girl is portrayed to be deeply in love with a native boy, and they start a long term relationship which they vow to protect no matter what happens. The creative response that disparity in religious practices and cultural practices between the Puritans and the natives were the main cause of tension and disagreement in the society at that time is evident in many scenes throughout the narrative.

A Jazzy Look At Gatsby - 1669 Words

A Jazzy Look at Gatsby Dance has shaped the way we look at many different things throughout history. It has shaped how people socialize, what music people listen to, and even whole eras. One such era is the roaring 1920s. How did people socialize in the 1920s? They danced the evening away. What music did people listen to? Jazz music that they could listen to while they danced the evening away. Dance was a huge part of what made up the glorious Jazz Age. So, when a book was written to describe the 1920s scene, no doubt there had to be dance, and lots of it. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the energy level of the parties, music, and dancing to represent a vast array of emotions within the characters. The 1920s was when dance truly flourished in America. In the earlier years of the 1900s dances like the Waltz and Foxtrot were considered scandalous, because it involved contact between the male and female partners. However, once these dances became more clearly demonstrated in America they soon became social norms. These older and more classical styles were still used in the twenties, but the younger generation of dancers began to add new twists and began pioneering new styles of dance. Now that dresses from the Victorian era were out of style and young women were not confined to their corsets, the dance moves became gaudier and the dresses shorter. Soon everyone was dancing, it had become the newest and best form of entertainment for everyone (Scott,Show MoreRelatedThe 1920s - Research2133 Words   |  9 PagesThe Roaring Twenties, the Jazz Age, the Golden Age; what happened in this decade that made it so roaring, jazzy, and golden? What made up the twenties? Known for fun, style, and prosperity, the ‘20s were one of the most exciting, controversial, and productive periods in America. This paper will cover some (not all) of the significant events and inventions that happened in this revolutionary decade. Well-known parts of the Jazz Age include, jazz, flappers, fas hion, and the radio. Also notorious

Tale of Two Coaches Free Essays

string(82) " to live and lead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions\." Running Head: Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Randal J. Reutzel Grand Canyon University: LDR – 600 October 27, 2011 Abstract Coaching and leadership seem to be synonymous with each other, in that if you’re a high caliber coach you must be a great leader, how else would you have achieved your success. While coaching in the NCAA division 1 basketball the goal is to win national championships, while also being a mentor to your students. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale of Two Coaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bobby Knight is a great basketball legend at Indiana, with a past of outrageous unacceptable behavior to the fans and to players, while also having one of the best collegiate records of all time. Coach Krzyzewski was also a great coach, was mentored by coach Knight and went on to be a legend at Duke. Coach K’s style of coaching was less dramatic and more heartfelt in his approach. Coach K’s was concerned for his player’s feelings and his style of motivating his players centered on less dramatizations on and off the court. Both Coaches were successful; one got into the heads of its players through coercive intimidation to be the best, the other through caring, talking and high levels of trust. Which coach is best depends on whom you ask and what perspective of coaching leadership style you prefer, or it could be a generational time difference or simply opposite styles that worked and produced results. Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Leaders through time have on many occasions aligned their leadership styles to the great coaches either in the NFL or NBA. Does being a great coach and the techniques used by coaches translate into what leaders or managers should be leading employees by? Two great coaches with NCAA basketball championships, one mentored by the other, can have very different approaches and still get the results needed, winning seasons along with students who went on to great careers and have great respect for their mentors and coaches. Coach Bobby Knight led his teams through his relationship from a base of power. In the article from ESPN by Mike Puma, Knight was known for his tirades against players, referees and reporters as well as his brilliance to win games. Knight led his teams with complete control and nobody was second guessing his decisions, if they did it was with great conflict. He may have wanted to resolve the conflict but it was going to be on his terms. Knight led his teams with complete control from his position as the head of the team. He demanded certain expectations and rewarded this with play time or with sharp reprimands and punishment. His style was that of a managerial role, he demanded respect in that he held the position of power and he alone would be the master of activities and routines and this would influence players and the ultimate outcome. Northouse, 2010) Coach Knight led his teams with a history of demanding on others what he could not accomplish as a player. He developed a pattern of coercion that was demonstrated even off the court, by assaulting police during the Pan Am games or throwing chairs across courts. (Northouse, 2010) Coach Krzyzewski or â€Å"K† led his teams through his relations from a b ase of personal power, with no mistake he was the head coach. Coach K was mentored as a player and assistant coach for the military under Coach Bob Knight. Although Coach K went into the military, he was not of military mind, and this may have latter influenced his leadership traits. He dreamed of being a teacher not a military officer. (Bob Carter) What he learned from Knight was it took an unbelievable passion to be a leader, not Knights antics that put him into trouble more often than not. Coach K lead his teams and to championships through his role as a leader by inspiring and energizing the team, taking ownership in their actions. Grant Hill said coach K had a way of making people totally vested in the decision-making process, and that is what made him a great leader. Bob Carter) Traits of Coaching and Leadership Both coaches had specific traits that lead them to success, although one coach’s traits also lead to his demise while the other coach realized the passion needed and channeled his leadership spirit into more socially acceptable patterns. Coach Knight and Coach K were both intelligent and knew the intellectual struct ure of creating and leading great basketball teams. They demonstrated the ability to get talent and use that talent in different ways against different teams to win games and championships. Early in both coaches careers they knew what they wanted and what careers they wanted to pursue. To get to their end means of coaching they played the sport, learned from others and when through college level training. All of the training, and along the way making mistakes, they gained the confidence within themselves and gained self-esteem and self-assurance that they could make a difference. Coach Knight was given the opportunity through the army as a coach to demonstrate his style of leadership was the correct one. Coach K through the army was given the education, with his passion of basketball and mentoring from Coach Knight gained the self confidence to become what he wanted to be, a teacher and a coach. Determination for both coaches was that they wanted to be winners, leaders, and be a part of something great. Early in Coach Knight’s career even he stated that he only offered indentured servitude and unlimited practice. Early in Coach K’s career he was not an outstanding coach; others did believe in him and he gained self confidence with good players at Duke. Coach K again is quoted he learned from Knight the passion and amount of preparation it takes to be successful. (Bob Carter) Integrity is the ability of a leader to live and lead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions. You read "Tale of Two Coaches" in category "Papers" The ability to possess integrity should build confidence in your team. Integrity is probably where the two coaches will separate their styles of leadership. Coach Knight through the years did several things to damage that integrity, through his actions in Panama or ways he degraded assistant coaches or lecturing teams with the use of props of soiled toilet paper. There were many times where his actions did not represent the role which he was given and he made little effort to change unless he was forced. Coach K built much of what he was on his integrity; he stuck up for his players many times. Once his team was graded by the student paper, it was the fact that the paper portrayed the players as instruments of entertainment and ego indulgence; this infuriated the coach, which he later apologized. What Coach K stood for was a caring, communication and trust within the team, and that was what he wanted for the whole student body, and why his fan base was so strong. The last important trait style of leadership is the ability for a leader to seek out good pleasant social relationships. The leader should be thought of as friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and diplomatic. Coach Knight, I believe, started out his career with these traits as he had to, through time, over confidence and ego caused him to lose most of these traits. People would say if you only know him like I do, but it was reported that he was known to be rude, defiant and hostile. (Bob Carter) Coach K on the other hand was exponentially known for his trait as having social leadership skills. He said you have to feel what your players feel in order to be a leader. A former player and now a coach Quin Snyder said that you give up ego to be a part of something special. (Bob Carter) Ego can and will get in the way of great social ability to lead a team and be a part of a team. Coach K has been and will be remember for his greatness, he possessed the most complete set of the 5 trait characteristics of a leader and it made him more accomplished and respected. Coach Knight lacked in the traits and his ego, temper, integrity came back to haunt him. He may be remembered more for his antics on and off the court than his record wins or development of players. The Three Skills of Coaching Success The three skills that are needed for success as a leader according to our reading from Robert Katz and Michael D. Mumford are Technical, Human and Conceptual. Through the levels of management different emphasis is required from each to be a great leader. In the situation of the coaches, they needed to possess top management skills where human and conceptual skills place more important than the technical aspects of the game of basketball. In the readings, both coaches knew the technical aspects of the game and surrounded themselves with knowledgeable assistances. Coach K’s emphasis was the human and conceptual aspects of his team and his responsibility to the school and its students. His kids needed to feel a part of something great and bigger than themselves and togetherness, this was demonstrated when coach K handed team phone numbers out and encouraged freshman to use them. (Mike Puma) Coach Knight demonstrated skills for the technical and conceptual skills; he had an ability to always figure out the best approach to win games against many different teams. Coach Knight is on record for being the youngest coach ever to win 600 games. He struggled with the ability to work with people that did not match his style or demands of doing exactly everything his way. He continually abused players and assistant coaches, while also getting in trouble in foreign countries. Leadership Grid Comparison The leadership grid from chapter 4, developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, is basically a grid of different leadership styles with the two axis x – horizontal measure is based for results and y- vertical is based on concern for people. I believe from the reading that coach K and Knight developed strong leadership styles based on one premise for winning, or results. What they did was go about teaching and leading the teams differently to attain those results. Coach K moved his leadership style around as he needed to according to the needs of players or the team. Based on his style he concentrated his style in the middle of the road, trying to balance the need to get work done and the team needs, but he strongly styled his effort in the direction of team management by surrounding his team with committed members and built relationships of trust and respect. Coach Knight directed his leadership style more as an authority-compliance manager. He expected things to be done his way, and everyone around him to carter to his needs, whether that was good for personal development or not. The win, and only the win, was what needed to happen and he stepped and plowed through anyone and by any controversial tirade he had to get there. He even said in an interview that if you’re being raped to lay back and enjoy it. I believe this was his way of saying to the interviewer about his tantrums – which everyone just needed to put up with him. When he goes wild he wants to not be held responsible for his actions and for everyone to shut up. (Mike Puma) Contingency Model for Coaches The question presented: were both coaches matched to their situation based on the model developed by Fred Edward Fiedler described as the contingency mode? I think the answer is both yes and no. The styles of leadership in this model are described as being a task motivated or relationship motivated leadership. From the reading both coaches were winning coaches, they both used different approaches to get the results. In this model Coach K was high on leader-member, but with strong tasks, and did this without enforcing his positional power. Coach K did well with this leadership style at Duke University. Coach Knight was more task structured, the requirements were clear and spelled out and Knight controlled everything around him. When things got out of his control, people and team mates suffered and things did not go well for the coach. This goes against the model in some aspects in that if you’re out of control the task relationship should work out better for this type of leader, but there are flaws in the model. This works well for someone with specific tasks like fixing a part or cleaning a sink. In the situation of coach Knight it was more ambiguous in the tasks that needed to be accomplished. He could not deal with ambiguity and his temper showed as he took it out on other people and team members. (Northouse, 2010) Situational Leadership II The two coaches showed evidence from both readings that they practiced some level of situational leadership. Coach K demonstrated that he stood up for his players and they knew they could trust him. When he gave the ball to Laettner to stuff a basket in the final seconds to win a championship he knew he had the skills and would get the job done. He wanted to win for the team not for himself and even said once, did you see their faces and how happy they are. (Bob Carter) Coach K led his team by the skills that the team had; he did not change them, he developed them. Coach Knight, I believe, also led teams by development and using skills in the appropriate areas. He did it in a fashion of sheer work and drive to hone the skill in each person to exactly the perfection he wanted. When he did not get it or thought they were not giving enough, there were consequences for all around. Coach Knight was low on the supportive and directive behavior quadrant; I do not think he felt comfortable or confident to manage from that perspective. (Northouse, 2010) He excelled from the more comfortable leadership position S2 with only fringes of S1 or S3, unless they were extremely successful. Path-Goal Theory The path-goal theory of leadership is by understanding and leading people through enhancing performance and satisfaction and then focusing on what motivates them. For both coaches and for the entire player, the goal was to win games and that is what everyone wants. Both coaches had to go out and get potential players and those player and coaches began a dialogue on what both wanted and how they were going to achieve it. I believe that players that were coached by Knight knew his style and methods that he used to win games. Even today people say you don’t know him like we do, meaning his methods to them were acceptable. Likewise, Coach K went out to get players and they knew what he was like and his methods. The players chose to go with the perspective school and accepted them based on learned knowledge. Both coaches led their players in a fashion that was in an achievement-oriented style to reach their highest potential for the best outcome – winning games. The players with the desire of external locus of control probably liked Coach K style of leadership. The external locus of control the subordinate likes to feel more in control of their destiny and maybe take part in the decisions; this would be a part of something special with players and Coach K. Coach Knight was a dominate leader and coach, in control of everything – external locus of control players would believe more outside forces are in control. Directive leadership would be best for these types of players as they like the idea of someone taking control. Both teams coached by either Knight or Krzyzewski demonstrated the task characteristics as both coaches and players needed to be able to perform on the floor during a game with independence as things happen fast. Both coaches needed their teams to function on their own with a high degree of confidence. They would use the skills taught to them to win the game. References Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications Bob Carter, Krzyzewskiville, ESPN Classic. From: http://www. espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Krzyzewski_Mike. html Mike Puma, Knight Known for titles, temper, ESPN Classic. From: http://espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Knight_Bob. html How to cite Tale of Two Coaches, Papers

Multiple Regression and Structural Equation - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Multiple Regression and Structural Equation Modelling. Answer: Introduction: Automotive CO2 emission is one of the major concerns in the contemporary world, where researchers and countries are trying to reduce the level of carbon emitted to the atmosphere. The main concern in reducing the emission of carbon dioxide is to protect the ozone layer, whose destruction is causing a lot of harm to the global climate change. Government and non-governmental organizations have invested much to ensure that activities and phenomena which produce more carbon dioxide among other dangerous gases embrace newer technologies. The automobile research for carbon emission is aimed to study the rate of the dangerous gas to the atmosphere. Automotive being one of the major sources of CO2, the involved parties have focused their concerns on the level of carbon a vehicle emits as a result of fuel combustion. It has been the thought of the scientists in charge of monitoring and evaluation of the acceptable emission of CO2 that vehicles should have a general limit. This force has been moved to the car manufacturers to ensure that their automotive vehicles emit the least possible amount of carbon to the environment. Policies and rules have been developed to govern the acceptable level of carbon emission into space. Automobiles are not the only producers of carbon dioxide; burning of rubber and plastics also contribute significantly to the demolition of the ozone layer. This paper will focus on analyzing automobile data that was generated based on different vehicles with their corresponding CO2 emissions among other characteristics. Moreover, I will be acting as a data analyst intern, focusing on answering some questions usi ng basic analytical methods. Overall View of CO2 Emissions Fuel Type Mean count Percent 1 233 518 47.87% 2 256 466 43.07% 3 220 35 3.23% 4 268 63 5.82% Based on the Automotive CO2 emissions data obtained from a recent study, it has been found that an average vehicle emits 250 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometer. In this case, a car that is chosen at random in the population, there is a higher chance that it emits carbon dioxide amounts that are close to 250 grams per a kilometer. The data indicates that the highest level of carbon dioxide emitted by a car was 437 grams per kilometer compared to the least which was 108. However, this indicates that the most extreme levels of carbon dioxide emission per kilometer are around 430 gram per kilometer. Manufacturers of automobiles should make the carbon emission per vehicle as low as possible. This has been a hard task because they have to balance between the performance and the amount of power a car requires. The power used by a vehicle is equivalent to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere. This show a high variation of the CO2 emission from the average car emission, which indicates that automotive production can still be modified to produce cars that produce low amounts of carbon. Since the data is highly spread, it might be hard to use the information in predictions. The type of fuel a car uses determines the amount of carbon dioxide to be emitted after the combustion. It is also possible that a car uses a lot of fuel but is not equivalent to the amounts of carbon emitted based on the quality. Some automotive vehicle manufacturers have embraced renewable energies which have low amounts of carbon as compared to the others. This is because the differences in the fuels are based on their qualities, which is quantified in terms of carbon levels. After the analysis, it was found that cars that were using fuel type three emitted the least average amounts of carbon compared to fuel type 4, whose vehicles emitted the highest amounts. However, most individuals preferred fuel type one assuming that the data was randomly collected from the population. Therefore, it can be concluded that the fuel type was related to the levels of CO2 emissions for the specific vehicles (Fox, 2015). Confidence Intervals for CO2 for different Engine Cylinders The number of cylinders that a car had also been determinants on the level of carbon dioxide would be emitted. This is because the higher the counts of cylinders indicate that the vehicles requires a lot of power, hence increased levels of combustion. More combustion indicates more emission of carbon dioxide to the environment. Based on the analysis, there has been identified a significant difference between the three groups; four (4), six (6) and eight (8) cylinders based on their emissions. Vehicles having a fewer number of cylinders in their engines seems to emit fewer amounts of CO2 compared to the others. These statistics indicate that there is a positive correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and the size of the engines. The engine size is quantified based on the number of cylinders available; whereby there are 4, 6 and 8 cylinders. Therefore, the average emission of carbon dioxide for the cars that has engines with 4 cylinders would be contained in 199.213 to 202.623 bound with a 95 percent confidence. This interval was a bit lower compared to the vehicles with 6 and 8 cylinders whose bound is 256.528 to 259.836 and 319.719 to 324.893 respectively. Therefore, if the study was repeated several times, their respective means of the carbon dioxide emission would lie within the indicated intervals 95% of the times. These inferential statistics can be used in estimating the amounts of carbon dioxide emitted by automobiles observed in the same setting. Although the automobile manufacturing seems to be produced under the same conditions, which makes it possible to generalise study over the globe irrespective of where the data originated. Proportions of Different types of Engine Cylinders Most of the vehicles in the population has vehicles with 4 cylinder engine with a proportion of 0.452, which accounts for almost half of the population. The six and eight-cylinder vehicles occupy a proportion of 0.355 and 0.193 respectively. These proportions show that most of the people in the population prefer vehicles with engines that have 4 cylinders because of their personal requirements, price constraints or even the conditions of their environment. Repetition of the study in the same setting would a generate data that at 95% confidence produces a proportion of 4 cylinder vehicles between 42.23% and 48.16%. In addition, I am confident stating that the proportion of 6 cylinders and 8 cylinders would lie within 32.64% to 38.34% and 16.96% to 21.67% respectively with a 5% error. The confidence interval for the population proportions shows the upper and lower bounds that can be obtained for the same study using the same targets. Vehicles emitting more than 350 grams per kilometre accounts for 0.0388 of the population based on the sample data. This proportion was used in estimating whether the vehicles emitting more than 350g/km constitute of 5% of the population. One proportion test was conducted and a p-value of 0.0465 was obtained an indication that the proportion of vehicles emitting more than 350 grams per kilometres were more than 5%. Therefore, the data supports that restricting vehicles emitting more than 350g/km would reduce the population of largest polluting by 5%. The proposal should be accepted to enhance the reduction of pollution by these types of vehicles in the environment (Schi, Tao, 2008). The best way to reduce pollution in the environment is by concentrating on the main contributors, which reduces by the high rate. Regression between Engine Size and CO2 Emission The emission level of engines is highly dependent on its size. There is a strong positive correlation between the size of an engine and the amount CO2 emitted, which indicates that the larger the engine, the higher the level of carbon emission. This is according to the expectation of direct relationship between the two variables. The Pearsons Correlation coefficient between the two variables; CO2 emissions and engine size are 0.8376, which shows a high level of relationship (Anderson, 2017). The size of the engine is a good indicator of the level of carbon dioxide emission for a vehicle and it can be used in a model to make predictions. Moreover, the linear relationship between engine size and carbon dioxide emission is very strong, indicating that a high number of cylinders increases emission. Therefore, the high correlation meets a regression requirement for the relationship. The size of car engine variable in the sample data set was use in model development. It was observed that 70.16% of the variations experienced in the level of carbon dioxide emission could be explained using the size of the car engine. Therefore, for every one-litre increase in the size of the engine, the level of emission would be increased by 39.594. In addition, it can be explained that engine size and the level of carbon emission for a vehicle are proportionally directly related. This model which includes the engine size as the predictor and CO2 emission as the response variable is highly significant at 5% level. Maintaining the same factors in the model, the intercept will be contained in 125.51 to 135.13 interval with a 95% confidence. Similarly, the engine size coefficient within the model will also be contained in the range 35.17 to 38.02 (Hilbe, 2013). In sampling, statistical inference and modelling, the results can only be inferred to the population that was fairly represented. According to the distribution of the data, there was not much information about cars that have engines of 1 litres size. Therefore, a lot of errors might be obtained in trying to predict the amount of carbon dioxide emitted using the model that does not adequately represent this types of cars. In this cases, this model will not be used in making prediction for cars with engine size that is not represented in the data (Seber, Lee, 2012). Appropriate Sample Size The proportion of vehicles that were emitting more than 350 grams per kilometre in the sample was 0.96. I am confident that the proportion of vehicles contributing to high levels of pollution (350 grams of carbon dioxide per kilometre) would be included in the range between 94.84% and 97.39. In addition, the average of fuel consumption for all the vehicles was 10.89 litres per 100 kilometres. The variation within the fuel consumption data from the average value was around 2.9 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres. Therefore, I am confident that if the study was repeated severally, the average usage of fuel per 100 kilometres will lie within 10.72 and 11.06 litres (Newbold, Carlson, Thorne, 2013). There are several factors that are considered in determining the size of a sample for any specific study. Some of these factors include the availability of the resources such as time, money and human resources. The nature of the study is also another main factor, which is mainly considered by professional researchers and coordinators. For instance, a study associated with rare conditions would require a large sample to enhance the chances of detecting a case. In some occasions, proportional allocation is also factored to ensure that the units are included in the population based on their distribution in the target population. Therefore, if all these factors are considered, the best sample size will be determined, which is able to provide the best results for the study (Keith, 2014). Conclusion In conclusion, carbon dioxide emission should be reduced by manufacturing cars that are more reliable and friendly to the environment. Also, the government should develop policies which instil restrictions to the acceptable levels for carbon emission for an automobile. In this way, the pollution rate will be reduced, hence creating a better environment that is conducive for every person. Based on the above analysis, it has been found that vehicles with smaller engine size emit less carbon dioxide. Therefore, manufactures should concentrate on developing smaller engines. Finally, a reliable prediction model should be developed by including data from all available different engine sizes, so that can it be used in general prediction. References Anderson, D. (2017). Modern business statistics with Microsoft excel (1st Ed.). Cenge Learning Custom P. Fox, J., 2015. Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. Sage Publications. Hilbe, J. (2013). Methods of Statistical Model Estimation (1st Ed.). Hoboken: CRC Press. Keith, T.Z., 2014. Multiple regression and beyond: An introduction to multiple regression and structural equation modelling. Routledge. Newbold, P., Carlson, W., Thorne, B. (2013). Statistics for business and economics (1st Ed.). Boston: Pearson. Schi, N., Tao, J. (2008). Statistical hypothesis testing (1st Ed.). Singapore: World Scientific. Seber, G., Lee, A. (2012). Linear Regression Analysis (1st Ed.). Hoboken: Wiley.

The Problem of Anorexia in Modern American Society

Modern American society has faced a really severe problem of eating disorders which are mainly caused by Hollywood ideals of â€Å"beauty†. Nowadays more than 24 million Americans suffer from anorexia which leads to many fatal outcomes. However, in spite of frightening statistics, nowadays many sufferers have a good chance to recover due to increasing number of programs and campaigns aimed at overcoming this disease.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Problem of Anorexia in Modern American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to First et al. (2004) anorexia is â€Å"the refusal to maintain normal body weight, which is related to an extreme fear of becoming fat† (First et al., 2004, p.316). It has been suggested that this eating disorder prevails in the industrial countries where much attention is paid to thinness, thus, it is caused mainly by social and cultural reasons (First et al. , 2004, p.315). It is necessary to point out that this disorder leads to some severe complications, causing heart and kidneys diseases, blood pressure diseases, headaches, osteoporosis, depression and many others physical and mental disorders (â€Å"Eating Disorders Mirror Mirror,† n.d.). Admittedly, anorexia affects greatly sufferers’ personal and social life. These people show low activity in work, education, etc. and due to the high comorbidity of this disease they are usually weak and frustrated (â€Å"Eating Disorders Coalition,† n.d.). Such people are preoccupied with their weight and do not try to participate social life. According to the National Eating Disorders Association Statistics 10 million American females suffer from anorexia (â€Å"NEDA,† n.d.). It is necessary to add that the average adolescent age is about 15 years old (â€Å"The Renfrew Centre Foundation,† n.d.). Reportedly, 40% of cases identified in 2003 were in girls aged fro m 15 to 19 years old. As far as ethnicity of sufferers is concerned, it is necessary to point out that more than 90% of cases are Caucasians, about 2.7% – Hispanic people, and the rest of cases of anorexia are identified in people of other ethnicity (â€Å"The Renfrew Centre Foundation,† n.d.). Besides, more than 60% of such cases are traced in single people (â€Å"The Renfrew Centre Foundation,† n.d.). Admittedly, many people suffering eating disorders do not get the appropriate mental and medical care (â€Å"The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness,† n.d.). However, in recent years different non-governmental organization started paying a lot of attention to the problem. Thus, there are many centers which help people suffering from eating disorders.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many of them offer different programs of effective mental care wh ich enable people to become committed to overcome the problem (â€Å"Monte Nido,† n.d.). Fortunately, there are many centers which offer full-time treatment, others invite people for meetings aimed at discussion and overcoming the problem. Many conferences are launched for therapists to share their experience and find new ways of helping anorexia sufferers (â€Å"Eating Disorders Coalition,† n.d.). In fact, at the moment many sufferers can find the professional help on the Internet. However, the main reason of low mental care is caused by ethical issues since far from all eating disorders sufferers admit that they need help. Thus, it is possible to conclude that anorexia, being a very severe kind of eating disorders which often leads to fatal outcome, is widely spread throughout the USA, affecting, in the majority of cases, young female. However, recently an increasing number of programs and campaigns aimed at overcoming this problem are being launched. Fortunately, th is positive trend is likely to maintain in future. Reference List First, M. B., Frances, A., Pincus, H. A. (2004). DSM-IV-TR Guidebook. American Psychiatric Pub. The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness. Web. Monte Nido Treatment Center. Web. Eating Disorders Mirror Mirror.  Anorexia Statistics. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Problem of Anorexia in Modern American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Renfrew Centre Foundation. Web. NEDA. (2005). Web. UCLA. Web. This report on The Problem of Anorexia in Modern American Society was written and submitted by user Eileen Obrien to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.